While he did attend the opening of Parliament and in general obtained some knowledge of English politics, his only recorded comments on that score were unfavourable. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A more advanced curriculum went into effect in 1809, with courses ranging from political economy, logic, moral philosophy, and natural law to strategy. Revolution came at the end of February 1848. Maria, on the contrary, remained formal and cold in her relationship to the children, very much in keeping with her general character. However, at this point, Constantine's previous renunciation was made public, and the troops were told they would have to take a new oath within several days, this time to Nicholas. His Majesty's father was Czar Paul I. Nicholas I married Princess Charlotta the daughter of King Frederick Wilhelm III of Prussia. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Need tickets for the Mariinsky, the Hermitage, a football game or any event? Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I (6 July 1796 – 2 March 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. 25 May] 1872 – 17 July 1918) was Empress of Russia from her marriage to Emperor Nicholas II on 26 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 16 March [O.S. The grand duke’s observations deal, typically, with appearances rather than with causes and reflect a number of his prejudices, including his bitter dislike of Poles and Jews. He is also the grandson of Duchess Xenia, who fled Russia … His parents, both great-great-grandchildren of Frederick William I of Prussia, were third cousins, and had seven children together, including four sons and three daughters. Alexander Nikolaevich, the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and of Charlotte of Prussia, was born on April 29, 1818, in Moscow, Russia. Notwithstanding the heroism of the soldiers and officers defending Sevastopol, Russia suffered a crushing defeat, and as he lay dying in 1855, Nicholas feared that the country which he was transferring to his son might be headed toward collapse. About: Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Nicholas I was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and the fate of the country now lay in the hands of his son, the Tsar Reformer, Alexander II. The uprising was crushed, the ringleaders arrested, and after a lengthy investigation, five were unceremoniously hanged and the rest were exiled to hard labor in Siberia. Get our help and advice choosing services and options to plan a prefect train journey. The match represented a dynastic and political arrangement sought by both reigning houses, which had stood together in the decisive years against Napoleon and after that at the Congress of Vienna—the peace settlement following the Napoleonic Wars—and it proved singularly successful. Nicholas was the son of Grand Duke Paul and Grand Duchess Maria. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. Nicholas’s last words to Alexander were to say that he had wanted to leave his son a happy, well-ordered realm, but providence had decided otherwise. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was killed in a palace revolution of 1801, which made Alexander emperor when Nicholas was not quite five years old. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! On 14 December, the Decembrists (as they came to be called due to the timing of the revolt) consolidated their forces around the "Bronze Horseman" on Senatskaya Ploshchad (Senate Square) and presented their demands. Prince Andrew Romanov. Many institutes of higher education were militarized and students had to wear uniforms, and a single, unified and very severe Charter was given to all universities in the country. Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov (18 May [O.S. “We were all as if thunderstruck,” Grand Duke Konstantin He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. Andrew is the great-great-grandson of Nicholas I, who was emperor of Russia until his death in 1855. All rights reserved. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer, was the last Emperor of All Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. Not only was Nicholas in love with his wife, but he became very closely attached to his father-in-law as well as to his royal brothers, one of whom was later to be his fellow ruler as King Frederick William IV. He married Charlotte von Preußen (1798-1860) 13 July 1817 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. A secret society, composed of liberal nobles, officers of the Guard and civilians, took advantage of the confusion to organize a revolt in the hope of forcing Nicholas I to give the country a constitution and civil liberties. Four or more generations of descendants of Nicholas I of Russia (1796-1855) if they are properly linked: 1. Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina to Grand Duke Paul, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg).Five months after his birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became emperor and empress of Russia.He was a younger brother of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who succeeded to the throne in 1801, and of … Nicholas I (Russian:Николай I Павлович, tr. Nicholas had three brothers, two of whom, the future emperor Alexander I and Constantine, were 19 and 17 years older than he. Since he was a political conservative, his reign was known for geographical expansion, suppression of disagreement, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. Officially, he was the only son of Peter III and Catherine the Great, although Catherine hinted that he was fathered by her lover Sergei Saltykov. The king was overthrown, and a republic was declared. His brother and predecessor, Alexander I, died childless (1825). The Russian trip covered much ground at great speed and was quite superficial, but it has interest for the historian because of the notes that Nicholas, following the instructions of his mother, took on everything seen and heard. The future Emperor Nicholas I on Senatskaya Ploshchad, 14 December 1825, Portrait of the Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna with her children Alexander and Maria. Theoretically, as the third son of the Emperor Paul, Nicholas did not have the slightest chance of ascending to the Russian throne and he therefore embarked on a military career, according to a strong Romanov tradition for younger sons. Omissions? The growing grand duke studied French and German as well as Russian, world history, and general geography in French, together with the history and geography of Russia. Originally Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine at birth, she was given the name and patronymic Alexandra Feodorovna when she converted and was received into the Russian Orthodox … Under Nicholas I the first railway between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin), 17 miles long, was opened to the public in 1837. Emperor & Autocrat of all the Russias. The most important political issue facing Russia was the question of serfdom. English: Nicholas I (Russian language: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), 6 July (25 June, Old Style ), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style ), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Nicholas I was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. At the same time, Nicholas was fond of medieval chivalry, built palaces in Gothic style, and organized stylized jousting tournaments, in which participants wore original armor from the Imperial collection. "History of Russia in 100 Minutes" is a crash course for beginners. Get around in comfort with a chauffeured car or van to suit your budget and requirements. He loved only military science, becoming a fine army engineer and expert in several other areas of military knowledge. The emperor loved everything Russian, and insisted on Russian language and manners at court (until then, French, and sometimes German, was spoken). The unrest and danger of his first days as Emperor left a deep mark on Nicholas' character. A half-hearted measure for solving the peasant question was sought in the creation of "military settlements" and by encouraging landowners to voluntarily free their peasants under the condition that the peasants would carry out various tasks in the landlord's favor. Nicholas I Born:Gatchina, 25 June (6 July) 1796Died:St. Petersburg, 18 February (2 March) 1855Reigned:1825-1855 In the 1820s, the Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich (the future Emperor Nicholas I) experienced a dramatic change of fate. Circumstances also favoured militarism. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. ‘Now I go to pray for Russia,’ the dying man said, ‘and for you all. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Railways, highways, and electromagnetic telegraph lines were built. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He also reorganized many governmental departments along military lines. This was the era during which the poets Pushkin and Lermontov worked, when Zhukovsky brilliantly translated foreign poetry, when Mikhail Glinka composed the first Russian operas, and Karl Bryullev and Alexander Ivanov painted their masterpieces. English, Latin, and Greek were added to the language program. 3 March] 1917. 18 February] 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. Nicholas I of Russia (1796-1855) 2. A military man by nature, Nicholas I especially trusted the military and installed them in all key positions in the country. On November 4, 1815, at a state dinner in Berlin, Alexander I and King Frederick William III rose to announce the engagement of Nicholas and Princess Charlotte of Prussia (Alexandra, after she became Orthodox). Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. We can help. Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) It is through his Greek royal family that the Duke was a descendant from the formerly ruling Russian Royal family, the Romanovs. Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unluc… Some progress was also made with river shipping. Corrections? In 1802–03 men replaced women in Nicholas’s entourage, and his regular education began. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. For the time being, it was decided to keep Constantine's renunciation a secret, which unexpectedly had serious consequences. To complete his training, Grand Duke Nicholas was sent on two educational voyages—an extensive tour of Russia that lasted from May to September in 1816 and a journey to England, where the future emperor spent four months late that same year and early in 1817. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) 3. The solemn wedding followed some 20 months later, on July 13, 1817. circa 1840: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia (1796 – 1855) in military uniform. It is a paradox that during the absolutism of Nicholas I the golden age of Russian literature occurred. But despite dreaming of order and stability at home, and military victories abroad, he is remembered as the most reactionary of Russia’s monarchs, a symbol of militancy and oppression. In England, Nicholas stayed mostly in London, although he travelled to a score of other places. For his reactionary policies, he has been called the emperor who froze Russia for 30 years. It was the third, Michael, his junior by two years, and a sister, Anne, who became his childhood companions and intimate lifelong friends. Paul was extremely neurotic, overbearing, and despotic. The future emperor’s first guardian and instructor was a Scottish nurse, Jane Lyon, who was appointed by Catherine II to care for the infant and who stayed with Nicholas constantly during the first seven years of his life. In spite of the fact that the revolution was long awaited, it happened unexpectedly. Nicholas I (6 July [O.S. Nikolay I Pavlovich; 6 July [ O.S. Paul I (Russian: Па́вел I Петро́вич; Pavel I Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. Nicholas’s education, as well as that of his younger brother, was interrupted and largely terminated by the great struggles against Napoleon in 1812–15. In the 1820s, the Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich (the future Emperor Nicholas I) experienced a dramatic change of fate. 11 March] 1801) was Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his assassination. Author of. Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Nicholas I considered serfdom evil, but also believed that an immediate abolition of this peculiarly Russian institution would be even worse. 20 September] 1754 – 23 March [O.S. He was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him. Nicholas I. Nicholas I, 1796–1855, czar of Russia (1825–55), third son of Paul I. Updates? Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as that of a paternal autocrat ruling his people by whatever means necessary. Born: Gatchina, 25 June (6 July) 1796Died: St. Petersburg, 18 February (2 March) 1855Reigned: 1825-1855. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. It began, as always, in France. The grand dukes were allowed to join the army in 1814, and, although they saw no actual fighting, they lived through the heady emotions of those momentous years and also enjoyed the opportunities to stay in Paris and other places in western and central Europe. Despite the rather harsh political regime, literature and art flourished. Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich of Russia (14 February 1850 – 26 January 1918) was the first-born son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia and a grandson of Nicholas I of Russia Early life. However, technological advances in Russia still lagged behind the leading countries of Europe, and the Crimean War against Britain, France, and Turkey (1853-1855) made evident the technological and social backwardness of Russia, a country where the majority of the population were serfs. Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor of European History, University of California, Berkeley. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. In 1825, Alexander I died suddenly in Taganrog in the south of Russia, and as soon as the news reached Petersburg, the governmental authorities and the Guard regiments took the oath to the new Emperor (as it seemed to them): Constantine. In subsequent years he held several other military positions but of secondary significance. Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often … The Industrial Revolution gradually reached Russia. Nicholas I of Russia. The path to power, marred by a bloody drama, was an arduous one for Nicholas I. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Serve Russia.’ Beyond that, Nicholas was powerfully attracted by the Prussian court and even more so by the Prussian army. Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky (December 21, 1923 – May 14, 2011) was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and the author of numerous books on Russian … She belonged, apparently, among those human beings who combine numerous conventional virtues with a certain rigidity and lack of warmth. Nicholas I, possibly my favorite Tsar, was Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias from 1825 until 1855. Constantine, Paul's second son, was next in succession but had secretly renounced (1822) the throne after marrying a Polish aristocrat. Religion, drawing, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and physics were added to the curriculum. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. Russian Monarch. Nicholas received instruction also in dancing, music, singing, and horseback riding and was introduced at an early age to the theatre, costume balls, and other court entertainment. His favourite English companion was the duke of Wellington. He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. He was a younger brother of Alexander I of Russia and of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1918) 5. Czar Nicholas I was born in Gatchina near St Petersburg, Russia. Nicholas wasn’t brought up to be Emperor. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-I-tsar-of-Russia, Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine - Biography of Nicholas I, GlobalSecurity.org - Biography of Nicholas I, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Nicholas. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. He felt remarkably happy and at home in his adopted family and country, which for many years he tried to visit as often as he could. The future emperor found it much more congenial to examine military and naval centres. Though, on the whole, a belief that Nicholas had not been trained for his role of Russian sovereign is wrong, he did profit little from the instruction, which he found rigid and tedious. He became a conservative, severe, and sometimes brutal monarch, who did not tolerate any sort of dissent. By the end of his reign Russia had 650 miles of railways. But his oldest brother, Alexander I and his wife, Elizabeth Alexeyevna, remained childless, and the second brother, Constantine, the future Viceroy of Poland, married a woman of non-royal blood and was forced to renounce all rights to the Russian crown. Let our meeting and events experts help you organize a superb event in St. Petersburg. Imperial House of Romanov. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [ O.S. With a rough nature and incurious intellect, he was conscious of his inferiority and sincerely disliked the idea of becoming emperor. Alexandra Feodorovna (6 June [O.S. He was a brother of Alexander I of Russia and of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Nicholas responded to the social unrest in the mid-ninteenth century both at home and abroad by becoming From Lyon the young grand duke learned even such things as the Russian alphabet, his first Russian prayers, and his hatred of the Poles (at least he liked later to trace the origin of his bitter antipathy toward that people to the stories told by his nurse about her painful experience in Warsaw in the turbulent year of 1794). As directed by Gen. Matthew Lamsdorff, it emphasized severe discipline and formalism. In the words of a competent observer: “The only failing of this extraordinary woman was her being excessively, one may say, exacting of her children and of the people dependent on her.”. Alexander III of Russia (1845-1894) 4. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Nicholas I July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Navigate St. Petersburg’s dining scene and find restaurants to remember. After Russia I loved you more than anything else in the world. In everyday affairs, he was very demanding of his family, the court, and all who were in civil service, and he put a high priority on order and obedience. We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. Nicholas I Nicholas was quite unlike Alexander. Some three and a half months after his birth, following the death of Catherine II the Great, Nicholas’s father became Emperor Paul I of Russia. Copyright © 2001-2021 ZAO "SAINT-PETERSBURG.COM". A plethora of construction projects contributed to the development of sculpture and architecture. Moreover, he always remained in his heart a dedicated junior officer. Nicholas I of Russia was born 6 July 1796 in Gatchina, Russia to Paul I of Russia (1754-1801) and Sophia Dorothea von Württemberg (1759-1828) and died 2 March 1855 inSaint Petersburg, Russia of unspecified causes. Nicholas I was the emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855 and was known for his autocratic and orthodox policies. Nicholas I (6 July 1796 – 2 March 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Less than a year after his return to Russia and a few months after his marriage, Nicholas was appointed inspector general of the army corps of engineers. Furthermore, the best students were no longer sent abroad for training, and tuition fees were increased, which dramatically reduced the number of students. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Such quick inspection tours later became almost an obsession of the emperor. 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