This was very much a dogma that appealed to the Afrikaner grass roots: working-class white men and women who believed that they had been mistreated by the British. In response to a sense of political and economic marginalization, Afrikaners rallied around a nationalist movement in the early twentieth century. The British easily gained control of the Kimberley diamond mines, simply annexing the area to the Cape Colony. Conflict between the groups has never been inevitable; at times, diverse groups lived together peacefully. To maintain their way of life, Boer farmers moved north in search of new land outside British control. Calling themselves Afrikaners, they developed an identity based on an embrace of rural life, the sense that they were pioneers bravely resisting both British oppression and black South African “savagery,” and their strong Dutch Reformed faith, a strict and austere version of Protestantism drawing on the teachings of Swiss Reformation leader John Calvin. Answer: Apartheid. The racial term "African American" can refer to: a. a black person living in the United States b. people whose ancestors came to the United States through the slave trade c. a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States d. any of the above Changing the Objectives of Assessment in Standards Based Education, 8. 1993 American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Some commentators extend the analogy to include treatment of Arab citizens of Israel, describing their status as second-class citizens. This nineteenth-century map depicts the known boundary lines, cities, rivers, lakes and elevation changes in Africa. Regulations set aside an increasing amount of the most fertile land for white farmers and forced most of the black South African population to live in areas known as reserves. But the Witwatersrand in Transvaal, where the gold reserves were located, was in the heart of the territory controlled by the Afrikaners. Yet the traditions of the different ethnic groups are not entirely lost. Indian merchants, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland to Transvaal, establishing communities and settlements between Johannesburg and Durban. Today, South Africa includes ten large African ethnic groups and a number of smaller groups. The men and women who created, opposed, maintained, resisted, and dismantled apartheid are the subject of this book. The arrival of Europeans in South Africa and their gradual conquest of African peoples, the establishment and exercise of colonial control over Africans, and, later, apartheid all had major impacts on group identity formation and change. Curriculum development in South African education during the period of apartheid was controlled tightly from the center. Because of this they denied him a South African visa despite his number 1 U.S. ranking. Barrow and others who followed were interested in possessing the Cape, and they made a moral justification for colonialism by arguing that British colonialism was more humane. December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks Is Arrested. The Boer population expanded when French Calvinist Protestants fled Europe to escape persecution after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. At the same time, as the British sought to extend their control and gain access to more land in the Cape Colony and later Natal, they used force to suppress other groups, such as the Xhosa, who faced a series of British attacks throughout the 1800s, and the Zulu, who faced a large-scale British attack in 1879. Apartheid (South African English: / ə ˈ p ɑːr t eɪ d /; Afrikaans: [aˈpartɦɛit], segregation; lit. Many chose to stay. Because Transvaal and the Orange Free State were far from the coast and seemed to have little value, the British allowed them to exist for a while as independent states. In 1887 and 1888, Cecil Rhodes consolidated a number of individual diamond mine claims around Kimberley to form a single company called De Beers Consolidated Mines. The British often exploited the divisions between the other inhabitants of the region. The Apartheid system of racial segregation was made law in South Africa in 1948, when the country was officially divided into four racial groups, White, Black, Indian and Coloureds (or people of mixed race, or non-Whites who did not fit into the other non-White categories). By the late 1940s, the shantytowns set up on the outskirts of white cities by poor blacks who depended on the cities for income had grown enormously, and the failure of President Jan Smuts of the United Party to cope with this demographic shift drained the party of support. As the number of Dutch-speaking colonists grew, they began to push farther inland and up the coast, forcibly taking over land for their farms and causing a great deal of conflict with indigenous African peoples. One of the groups the Europeans sought to displace, the Xhosa of the Eastern Cape, put up successful resistance to the European invasion for a number of decades, but the Dutch-speaking colonists possessed better weaponry that they used to subdue the Xhosa and drive many of them off their land. They lived the hard frontier life of settlers, supporting themselves through farming, ranching, and hunting. Eventually, however, diamonds and gold were discovered on the lands the Trekboers claimed. Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Constitutional Design. The Boers employed many local people in exploitative arrangements, and they also imported slaves from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar, people who eventually came to be known collectively as “Cape Malays” and were considered part of the “coloured” population, along with people of mixed ancestry. The ANC operated alongside a host of other associations for non-whites, labor unions, and even the Communist Party. Black South Africans set aside ethnic divisions, forming national organizations to oppose oppression. Question 2. The British had originally moved to annex the South African Republic (Transvaal) in 1880, even before the discovery of gold in the territory, but the population of Transvaal rose up against the British attempt at occupation and successfully defeated the British in an 1880–1881 war, regaining independence for the South African Republic. The First Intelligence Tests, 4. ‘Apartheid’ means ‘being apart’ in Dutch and Afrikaans, a variation of Dutch spoken by the Dutch settlers of South Africa. ] ‘Apartheid’ means ‘being apart’ in Dutch and Afrikaans, a variation of Dutch spoken by the Dutch settlers of South Africa. These conditions were exacerbated in the impoverished environments of schools for children of color. The Voortrekker Monument, located in the Pretoria region of South Africa, commemorates the history and migration of the Afrikaner people. Together these African ethnic groups constitute over 80% of South Africa’s population. In the prelude to the formal implementation of apartheid, the largest groups in South Africa redefined themselves. Malan campaigned on a promise to “protect the white character of our cities” and to eliminate many of the already meager rights that black South Africans enjoyed.8. Morrow, Walter Eugene. New Opportunities for Assessment in the Digital Age, 12. Today, as a new and democratic government seeks to repair and reconstruct the fabric of South Africa’s ravaged past, it is to the schooling system that much of its attention has turned. The owners were particularly worried that the white and black workers might unite across racial lines to force extensive and expensive concessions in terms of wages and improved working conditions. The British capitalists crafted a compromise to co-opt the Afrikaner miners by reserving managerial and skilled-labor positions for whites, while low-skilled and heavy labor jobs, which paid much less, were to be held by blacks. The Test is Dead Long Live Assessment! 1999. In the Cape Colony, for example, voting rights were based on property ownership rather than skin color. On Thursday, December 1, 1955, the 42-year-old Rosa Parks was commuting home from a long day of work at the Montgomery Fair department store by bus. The official policy of racial separation of ill treatment of blacks followed by the government of South Africa was called _____ . Question 1. The British moved to occupy Transvaal again in 1899. Apartheid was a system of government in South Africa, abolished in 1994, which systematically separated groups on the basis of race classification. The black South Africans who had formerly lived in some of these territories were pushed increasingly into more remote and less fertile territories. Dutch colonists, known as Boers (the Dutch word for “farmers”), settled in the Cape of Good Hope region beginning in 1652 to provide fresh food and water for ships passing from Europe to Asia. A long period of colonial rule and the recent decades of apartheid helped determine how all of these groups conceive of their identities as well as the identities of others. Many British thought of the Boers as backward farmers, while the Boers referred to the newcomers as rooineks, a pejorative reference to sunburned necks. In fact, remains of some of the earliest human ancestors have been found there, in an area known as “the Cradle of Mankind.” Early humans migrated from this region, and migration has remained a major factor in the formation of identities in southern Africa. The challenge of maintaining control over their culture was one of the factors in the African struggle against colonialism, as reflected in the reading and poem My Name. Given their anti-British sentiments, a significant group within the Afrikaner population resented South Africa’s entry into World War I on the side of Great Britain, even though the decision was made by Prime Minister Jan Smuts, who was himself an Afrikaner. Among the laws were restrictions on the mobility of black South African laborers, most of whom were required to live in designated areas and prohibited from bringing their families with them. Apartheid (Afrikaans telaffuz: [aˈpartɦəit], Türkçe: Ayrı olmak), Afrika'nın güneyinde bulunan Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti ile bu devlete bağlı Güneybatı Afrika'da 1948-1994 yılları arasında resmî devlet politikası olarak iktidarda bulunan Ulusal Parti hükûmeti tarafından uygulanan ve bu doğrultuda yasalar çıkartarak ırksal ayrımcılığı savunan sistemdir. Almost every Afrikaner general, high-ranking politician, law enforcement officer, educator, and judge became part of the Broederbond, which was often called the “nerve center of apartheid.” The Broederbond was sympathetic to the Nazi Party in Germany and opposed South Africa’s entry into the Second World War. The Afrikaners, though defeated in the war, remained resentful and could potentially turn to violence again. The government declared martial law and employed military force to restore order, but the white strikers were ultimately successful: they won concessions that shored up and exacerbated the two-tiered pay scale for whites and blacks. Through a bloody conflict known by the British as the Second Boer War and by the Afrikaners as the Second Freedom War (1899–1902), the British took permanent control of both Transvaal and the Orange Free State. 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