A lifetime of . Moreover, although the number of WBCs can vary from day to day within one participants (29), a single measurement has previously been shown to predict risk for morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in clinical practice, CRP levels are nowadays considered to be a valuable marker of low-grade inflammation to predict mortality. There was no significant interaction between WBC count, CRP levels, and all-cause mortality (p = .56) and also not for vascular (p = .86) and nonvascular mortality (p = .48). Key definitions and concepts are explained in text boxes in each chapter. Insights from the Framingham Study, Leukocyte counts and coronary heart disease in a Japanese cohort, Prospective study of hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, White blood cell count, coronary heart disease, and death: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, White blood cell count and the risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in elderly men, White blood cell count as a predictor of mortality: results over 18 years from the Normative Aging Study, White blood cell count and incidence of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke and mortality from cardiovascular disease in African-American and White men and women: atherosclerosis risk in communities study, White blood cell count and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a cohort of Koreans, White blood cell count and mortality in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, White blood cell count: an independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality among a national cohort, Leukocyte count as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study, Prospective study of leukocyte count as a predictor of incident breast, colorectal, endometrial, and lung cancer and mortality in postmenopausal women, White blood cell count and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nationwide sample of Japanese—results from the NIPPON DATA90, C-reactive protein levels and coronary artery disease incidence and mortality in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study 1993–2003, C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease, Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women, Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events, Comparison of usefulness of C-reactive protein versus white blood cell count to predict outcome after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction, A high response is not essential to prevent selection bias: results from the Leiden 85-plus study, Effect of anemia and comorbidity on functional status and mortality in old age: results from the Leiden 85-plus Study, The routine electrocardiogram for cardiovascular risk stratification in old age: the Leiden 85-plus study, Biomarkers of inflammation predict both vascular and non-vascular mortality in older men, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein as predictors of mortality in nonagenarians: the vitality 90+ study, High levels of serum C-reactive protein are associated with greater risk of all-cause mortality, but not dementia, in the oldest-old: results from The 90+ Study, C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: Mendelian randomisation study, Association of C-reactive protein with blood pressure and hypertension: life course confounding and Mendelian randomization tests of causality, Genetic loci associated with C-reactive protein levels and risk of coronary heart disease, Diurnal variations in serum biochemical and haematological measurements. After age 90, the population was followed up for mortality until February 2008 (censor date February 11, 2008). Participants without comorbidity (good health status) were defined as having an absence of a history of stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, hip fracture, and arthritis at baseline. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Standardized values (per 1 SD increase) were used for comparability between the hazard ratios (HRs) from WBC and CRP. Mortality risks were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models. All participants were visited at their place of residence by medical staff and nurses. While progress on reducing under-five mortality over the past decade has been remarkable, national and global averages can fail to reflect the reality for many children at the local level. W HITE blood cell (WBC) count is a marker of systemic inflammation. in his old age. The account bears interest at rate i= 0:045 (4:5%) per year. But mortality and life expectancy improvements have been uneven across age … Jorien M. Willems, Stella Trompet, Gerard J. Blauw, Rudi G. J. Westendorp, Anton J. M. de Craen, White Blood Cell Count and C-Reactive Protein Are Independent Predictors of Mortality in the Oldest Old, The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Volume 65A, Issue 7, July 2010, Pages 764–768, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq004. As far we know, it has not been described before that WBC count is also an indicator for mortality in the oldest old (more than 85 years of age). Although we found WBC predicting mortality, the pathophysiological explanation about the mechanism of elevated WBC count and mortality is not well understood. A total of 16 participants (3%) had a WBC count less than 4.0 × 109/L, and 16 participants (3%) had a WBC count more than 10.0 × 109/L. According to a meta-analysis , in both men and women, each 1 mmol/L total cholesterol reduction can reduce the risk of mortality from CHD with about a half lower in early middle age (40–49 years), about a third lower half in later middle age (50–69 years old), and about a sixth lower in old age (70–89 years old) . Copyright © 2021 The Gerontological Society of America. Infant mortality rates for the 10 leading causes of infant death: United States, 2012 and 2013 NOTES: A total of 23,440 deaths occured in children under age 1 year in the United States in 2013, with an infant mortality rate of 596.1 infant deaths per 100,000 First, these data are from a large representative cohort of the oldest old, and so far, we know that the relationship between CRP, WBC count, and mortality has not been described in such a large representative cohort of this age. Elevated levels of WBC count are associated with increased risk for morbidity and mortality in middle-aged populations (1–13). During the mean (SD) follow-up of 5.4 (3.1) years, a total of 452 (80%) participants died. Because there was a small difference in mortality rate between the sexes, we nevertheless corrected for sex in all analyses. Between September 1997 and 1999, all inhabitants of Leiden born between 1912 and 1914 (n = 705) were contacted within a month after their 85th birthday. Multiple measurements over time may provide more accurate information for predicting future disease and therefore mortality. Learn more about beluga whales! Having trouble contacting the network. However, nowadays in clinical practice, CRP levels are believed to be the most valuable diagnostic marker to predict mortality (14–17). From the deceased participants, the cause of death was obtained from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics. If so, with one single CRP and WBC measurement in our study cohort at baseline, we may have underestimated the effect on mortality at old age. Finally, differential cell counts were not performed in the Leiden 85-plus Study, so we could not provide information about what types of leucocytes were more prone to be elevated with increased mortality risk at old age. Mortality rate mx Mean # tribbles alive in year Lx Average Remaining Life Expectancy ex Average life expectancy for individuals of age x 0 1000 1 0.1 950 2.35 2.35 1 900 0.9 0.22 800 1.55 2.55 2 700 0.7 0.71 450 0.86 2.86 3 200 0.2 0.75 125 0.75 3.75 4 50 0.05 1.00 25 0.50 4.50 5 0 0 0.00 2 The under-five mortality rate for the world is 39 deaths according to the World Bank and the World Health Organization. EDTA plasma was stored at −80°C. For nonvascular mortality, all ICD codes except I00-I99 were used. It is unlikely that underlying diseases at baseline may have affected our observed associations because stratifying the analyses for comorbidity did not change our results. For those born in 1900-1909, annual mortality among non-smokers was, both in middle and in old age, about half that among cigarette smokers. Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality The Leiden 85-plus Study is a prospective population-based cohort study of inhabitants of Leiden, The Netherlands. Results of the Leiden 85-Plus Study, Elevated IL-6 and CRP levels are associated with incident self-reported major mobility disability: A pooled analysis of older adults with slow gait speed, White Blood Cell Count Mediates the Association Between Periodontal Inflammation and Cognitive Performance Measured by Digit Symbol Substitution Test Among Older U.S. Alaska, a region of nearly 1.5 million square miles includes waters in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, Chukchi Sea, and Beaufort Sea. The Medical Ethical Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center approved the study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Second, because almost all our participants had a WBC count within the clinically defined normal range, a potential contribution from reduced immune function or chronic infectious diseases is unlikely to have played an important role in the findings. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org. In the 20th century, WBC count was the most used marker for systemic inflammation. No comorbidity: no history at baseline of stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, hip fracture, or arthritis. Our results suggest that levels of WBC and CRP are independently associated with mortality in the oldest old. In clinical practice, it is necessary to pay more attention to the potential of WBC count as a predictor for mortality in the oldest old. The present study has several important strengths. The results of the association of WBC count and levels of CRP with mortality risks are shown in Figure 1. They are very social animals, forming groups to hunt, migrate, and interact with each other. White blood cell (WBC) count is, like C-reactive protein (CRP), a clinical marker of inflammation and predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality in middle-aged populations. In this report, inequalities in life expectancy are examined using three-year pooled data up to the period, 2013-15. White blood cell (WBC) count; C-reactive protein (CRP) levels; and mortality risk adjusted for sex, institutionalization, and smoking status (never-smoker, former smoker, and current smoker). Infant mortality rate vs. percentage of mothers <20 y old, 82 countries Although the prospect of lower fertility rates gives hope for a more stable world population, there are still several millions of preventable deaths among the world's children. However, the CIs around the estimates are relatively wide. Adjustment for these risk factors did not materially change our results (results not shown). Baseline Characteristics of the 562 participants of Leiden 85-Plus Study. The mean CRP level was 7.6 mg/L; 85 participants (15%) had CRP levels more than the reference value of 10 mg/L. Sixty-six percent of the participants were women, 27% had no comorbidity, and 16% was a current smoker. Risk factors. p Values lower than .05 were considered statistically significant. Additional studies are needed to determine whether interventions to decrease these markers can reduce the increased mortality risk. The percent of the participants whose WBC tertile is lower than their CRP tertile is 26%, and the percent whose WBC tertile is more than their CRP tertile is 29%. Several studies have shown that an increased CRP level in the elderly participant predicts an increased mortality risk, both vascular and nonvascular (22–24). Furthermore, the HRs with WBC operated seemingly different from those associated with CRP for vascular and nonvascular mortality. The pandemic killed a number of famous people, including the sociologist Max Weber, Moreover, we adjusted all analyses for the number of comorbidities. Furthermore, we additionally adjusted all analyses for known cardiovascular risk factors, such as triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index. the Notes: Data are presented as mean (SD), unless otherwise stated. LDL was calculated from total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL levels. smoking greatly reduces old-age survival. Ø#e„ÊèN x¸@=öøò�V�bdA`t\Ãj¬8*‹•´…ŠÀ*$¡„q4°Y¢äM©±|'$Khz #³¬Âî€QÚNB:V–â¶!ûArÂ@HÍf!ç�ÜÅt\1fA``࿘¶«2mMö†â°HV+ވ†U¯§±O×ĞxAIµ1q¿â àÍP¡Çjª {Çıóéîã�ÈÙhoA:Óµ;Çôëâ�[>¬«,ïäó¬ng³yÙ»Kfnƒ-Yç÷)©Dg#fM.e“ònn\. Most studies have shown an independent association between high WBC count and increased risk for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular events (1–3,7,11) and an increased risk for vascular mortality (4–6,8–10,13). © The Author 2010. Participants carrying genetic variation within the CRP gene that determines a high CRP level did not have an increased risk for vascular mortality (26–28). TRUSTEES OF THE FEDERAL OLD-AGE AND SURVIVORS INSURANCE AND FEDERAL DISABILITY INSURANCE TRUST FUNDS I. The Leiden 85-plus Study was partly funded by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. For CRP, this has been investigated by Mendelian randomization (26–28). A total of 599 individuals (response rate 87%) agreed to participate (19). The United States experienced an unprecedented decline in mortality during the twentieth century, thanks to improvements in public health, medical advances, and behavioral changes. Presence of comorbid illnesses was obtained from participants’ general practitioners by a semistructured interview and by inspection of computerized records obtained from participants’ pharmacies (20). • Young black men are six times more likely than young white men to be sectioned for compulsory treatment under the Mental Health Act. Associated terms Under-five mortality rate and Infant mortality rate, are strictly speaking, not rates (i.e. 2. There was a tendency for an increased vascular mortality risk (HR [95% CI] = 1.15 [0.98–1.35]; Figure 1c). All participants were visited annually until age 90 or death. Under this method, the account balance, the annuity factor, the chosen interest rate and the resulting annual payment are determined once for the first distribution year and the annual payment is the same amount in each succeeding year. Of 562 participants, hematological measurements like WBC count, hemoglobin, and thrombocytes were done at the time of recruitment at the Leiden University Medical Center with the fully automated system Sysmex XE-2100 (TOA Medical Electronics, Kobe, Japan). Key findings across all ethnic groups are summarised below. The mean level of WBC count was 6.6 × 109/L. All rights reserved. Furthermore, with an increase of 1 SD in CRP level, we found a 1.22 (95% CI = 1.10–1.35) increased risk for all-cause mortality. Similar increased mortality risks were observed for both vascular mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.33 [1.18–1.51]) and nonvascular mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.20 [1.05–1.37]; Figure 1a). Arthritis was considered present when the medical history was positive for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or polymyalgia rheumatica. CRP levels were also associated with an increased risk for mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.22 [1.10–1.35]). All associations of WBC and CRP separately were done with Cox proportional hazards model where WBC and CRP were entered as continuous variables in the models, which were adjusted for sex, institutionalization, and smoking status (Model 1). A total of 599 women and men were evaluated longitudinally in the Leiden 85-plus Study. The association between WBC count and CRP levels is shown in Table 2. This indicates that high CRP plasma levels are not causally related to vascular disease but is merely an output of the vascular disease (reverse causality). Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. Because CRP levels were not normally distributed, CRP values were first log transformed. Adjustment for the level of CRP in the association between WBC count and all-cause mortality did also not materially change the results. After recruitment, CRP was measured in one batch using the dual count solid phase no boil assay (Diagnostic Products Corp, Los Angeles, CA). The rst idea that occurs to him is to deposit a capital of S0 = 1 (e.g. This mortality rate in the first 5 years of life is not reported by Volk and Atkinson. Circulating prolactin level is increased in metabolically healthy obesity. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. INTRODUCTION The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program makes monthly income available to insured workers and their families at retirement, death, or disability. .02 Other rules. This brochure provides subnational under-five mortality rate estimates from 1990-2019 for 22 countries across sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Potential limitations of this study must be considered. The average across a large number of historical studies suggests that in the past around one-quarter of infants died in their first year of life and around half of all children died before they reached the end of puberty. Moreover, because CRP and WBC count are closely linked, it is not known whether WBC count and CRP are independent risk factors for mortality. Results We identified 19 cohort studies including 30 cohorts with a total of 68 094 elderly people, where all-cause mortality was recorded in 28 cohorts and CV mortality in 9 cohorts. – The second common cut-off is the mortality up the age of five, which is referred to as ‘child mortality’ in modern health statistics. WHITE blood cell (WBC) count is a marker of systemic inflammation. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory- BMI = body mass index; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein. For participants living in a nursing home, the nursing home physician provided the necessary information. The mortality up to the end of puberty is less commonly reported in modern health statistics. The association between increasing WBC count and mortality remained significant after adjustment for CRP levels (HR [95% CI] = 1.20 [1.09–1.33]), whereas also the relation between increasing CRP levels and mortality remained significant after adjustment for WBC count (HR [95% CI] = 1.17 [1.05–1.30]). What made the 1918 influenza unique was that mortality rates were the high-est for the segment of the population aged 18 to 40, and more so for males than females of … Because there was no interaction between WBC count, CRP levels, and all-cause and cause-specific mortalities, we additionally adjusted the WBC associations with mortality for baseline levels of CRP (Figure 1). The under-five mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants and children under five years old per 1000 live births. To exclude the possibility that this association was driven by preexisting disease, we repeated all analyses stratified for presence and absence of comorbidity at baseline. Mortality rates from a typical influenza tend to be the greatest for the very young and the very old. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. One important trend is the reduction in smoking. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A (1995-present), About The Journals of Gerontology, Series A, About The Gerontological Society of America, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, An Unopposed Proinflammatory Response Is Beneficial for Survival in the Oldest Old. Note: CRP = C-reactive protein; WBC = white blood cell. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. Here, we show that both CRP and WBC count are independent predictors for mortality in the oldest old. Clinical predictors for analgesic response to radiotherapy in patients with painful bone metastases. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Mortality, falls and fracture risk are positively associated with frailty: a SIDIAP cohort study of 890,000 patients, Body mass index and polygenic risk for Alzheimer’s disease predict conversion to Alzheimer’s disease, Multimorbidity Accumulation among Middle-Aged Americans: Differences by Race/Ethnicity and Body-Mass Index, Associations between physical activity, blood-based biomarkers of neurodegeneration, and cognition in healthy older adults: The MAPT study, Independent and joint associations between leisure time physical activity and strength activities with mortality outcomes in older adults ≥65 years-of-age: a prospective cohort study. Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]), per 1 SD increase. We investigated the association between WBC count, CRP level, and mortality in the oldest old. Beluga whales are known for their white color and range of vocal sounds, earning them the title of "canary of the sea." The correlation coefficient between WBC and CRP levels is .27. We used a single CRP and WBC count measurement to predict mortality. Model 2 includes both WBC and CRP levels together entered as a continuous variable, also adjusting for sex, institutionalization, and smoking status. Blood samples and medical information were collected at age 85, and all participants were visited annually until age 90 or death. Moreover, it is also not known whether WBC count and CRP levels predict mortality independent of each other. Only the primary cause of death on the death certificate was used in our analyses. Infant mortality rate is the probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of one, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period. World health. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the participants. 2011 Jul 2;378 • Excluded: O2 sat < 90%, SBP<100, chest pain active or high risk bleeding, recent CVA GIB in past 2 weeks, plt<75K, crcl < 30, wt > 150 kg, anticoagulation failure, poor follow up infant mortality. While this made up only 0.5% of all deaths in the UK in that year, for those in the 15-19 age group road accidents account for 25% of all deaths. one hundred thousand pounds) on a savings account today and draw the entire amount with earned compound interest in 15 years, on his 70th birthday. Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Natural History of Chronic Inducible Urticaria in a Pediatric Cohort. clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Our results suggest that WBC count and CRP levels both independently predict mortality in the oldest old. This pattern implies greater economic effects than for a disease with comparable mortality that applied mostly to the old and very young. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. CRP levels were log transformed. With an increase of 1 SD in WBC count, we found a 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–1.38) increased risk for all-cause mortality. Moreover, adjusting the association between CRP levels and mortality for baseline WBC count levels did not materially change the results (Figure 1d). The results did not materially change after adjustment (data not shown). Abstract: Many researchers have independently studied mortality rates for children in the past: in different societies, locations, and historical periods. two important drivers of mortality: smoking and obesity. Limited data exist on the association between WBC count and mortality in the oldest old. Increasing WBC count was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, HR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 1.26 [1.15–1.38]) after adjustment for sex and smoking status. Undiagnosed myocardial infarction was defined as the presence of a Q-wave myocardial infarction on the ECG that was unknown to the participant’s general practitioner or nursing home physician (21). Polygenic risk for immuno-metabolic markers and specific depressive symptoms: A multi-sample network analysis study. 4. 3. During this visit, a structured face-to-face interview was conducted, a venous blood sample was obtained, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded. Inverse association between all-cause mortality and LDL-C was seen in 16 cohorts (in 14 with statistical significance) representing 92% of the number of participants, where this association was recorded. Retired work- derived using the mortality table in Appendix B and using the chosen interest rate. Over the past decade, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be a strong marker of systemic inflammation and a good predictor of vascular events and mortality (14–17). Time ... Old-Age Support Ratio5 (Per person aged 65 years & over) Persons aged 15 – 64 years 17.0 13.8 11.8 9.9 8.2 5.2 4.9 We assessed the independent predictive value of WBC count and CRP levels in relation to mortality, both vascular and nonvascular, in very old participants. Only one study has shown that elevated WBC count was associated with increased nonvascular mortality (12). These authors contributed equally to this work. This makes it difficult to interpret whether there is a true difference. Of those, 169 participants died of vascular mortality and 277 participants died of nonvascular mortality. • Young Asian women are more than twice as likely to commit suicide as young white women. Number of Participants Divided Over Tertiles of WBC Count and CRP Levels. Bold values indicate concordant WBC and CRP tertiles. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes used for vascular mortality are I00-I99. and Housing’, ‘Family Formation and Dissolution’, ‘Fertility’ and ‘Mortality’. This death toll is measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR), which is the probability of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births. We assessed the standardized values by calculating Z-scores. Our results confirm previous findings in middle-aged study populations that high WBC count predicts mortality independent of smoking and other comorbid risk factors (1–4,6–10,12,13) and separately in a study of older men (age range 64–84 years) (5) and older women (age range 50–79 years) (11). Lancet. This indicates that both WBC count and CRP level are independent predictors of mortality at old age. (These twofold death rate ratios are calculated from the logarithms of the probabilities of surviving from 35-70, 70-80, and 80-90 in 2 (top graph).) In 2011, The SPSS software (version 16.0.1; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical analyses. In one year the 1. iv There was a fall in life expectancy in 2015 and an increase in mortality rates for some leading causes of death and an increase in infant mortality. HR were graphical depicted and indicate the change in risk by 1 SD increase in WBC count or in CRP level. The mortality risks of participants without comorbidity were highly comparable with the mortality risks in the group with comorbidity, which were all significantly higher than unity with increasing WBC counts or increasing CRP levels (data not shown). To our knowledge, the comparison of these predictors, WBC count and CRP levels, in the relation with an increased mortality has not been described before. The mortality risks for all-cause mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.20 [1.09–1.33]) and for vascular mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.32 [1.16–1.50]) remained significant after adjustment for CRP, whereas statistical significance was not reached for nonvascular mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.10 [0.94–1.28]; Figure 1b). The normal reference interval for the WBC count was set at 4.0–10.0 × 109/L. 1 SD increase ) were used for vascular mortality are I00-I99 under the Mental Health Act Geriatrics, Leiden medical. Bmi = body mass index ; HDL = high-density lipoprotein ; LDL = low-density lipoprotein mechanism elevated. Levels are nowadays considered to old mortality pdf a valuable marker of low-grade inflammation to predict mortality diagnostic to... 1.22 [ 1.10–1.35 ] ) between the hazard ratios ( HRs ) from WBC and CRP are independently associated an! This pattern implies greater economic effects than for a disease with comparable mortality applied. 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The very old cohort study of inhabitants of Leiden, the population was followed up for mortality until February (... By Mendelian randomization ( 26–28 ) CI ] = 1.27 [ 1.11–1.45 ] ) 1 SD increase in WBC was! Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and informed consent was obtained from the deceased participants, the home. Per 1000 live births a dose–response manner ) participants died, not rates ( i.e distributed... ( 1–13 ) sex in all analyses for the World Bank and the very young and the World 39... The medical Ethical Committee of the participants cause of death on the association between WBC count are associated with nonvascular. ( response rate 87 % ) participants died of nonvascular mortality exist on the certificate...
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