Justin wrote that Cleopatra III "made two daughters husbandless by marrying them to their brothers in turn". But the bliss did not last … An argument in favour of Cleopatra Selene and her son being the sole claimants of Syria in 75 BC is a statement by Cicero: the Roman statesman wrote that Antiochus XIII and his brother were sent to Rome by their mother in 75 BC. Alexander Helios was awarded Armenia and the territory beyond the Euphrates, his infant brother Ptolemy the lands to the west of it. Mauretania’s populace began farming more intensively, and trade increased. Cleopatra Selene stayed in Rome until her marriage at fifteen or sixteen to Juba II. Juba II would become one of the most loyal client kings that served Rome. [note 6][50] Antiochus X pushed Seleucus VI out of Antioch in 94 BC and ruled northern Syria and Cilicia,[49][53] while Seleucus VI's brothers Philip I and Demetrius III ruled Beroea and Damascus respectively. Cleópatra Selene II (em grego clássico: η Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; Alexandria, 25 de dezembro de 40 a.C. — Cherchell, 6) foi filha da rainha Cleópatra do Egito e do general Marco Antônio. [77] Oliver D. Hoover suggested that Tigranes II invaded Syria only in 74 BC, with Philip I ruling until 75 BC in Northern Syria, allowing Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII to claim the country unopposed for a while. Jun 3, 2015 - Ancient history . He was also intelligent and a renowned scholar, and eventually wrote fifty books and discovered a new type of sea sponge. World History Encyclopedia, 06 Apr 2021. Crocodile Denarius of Cleopatra Selene II. Cite This Work Cleopatra Selene II’s determination to pay homage to her mother’s legacy was in defiance of Augustan policy, which generally portrayed Cleopatra VII as an enemy of Rome. To impress the Roman Senate, the queen endowed her children with sufficient assets, which included a jewelled candelabrum that was dedicated to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Mauretanian coin of Cleopatra Selene (left, reverse) and her husband Juba II (right, obverse). [71] Two scenarios are possible: In the north, Philip I ruled until his death, after which Cleopatra Selene claimed the rights of her children with Antiochus X to the vacant throne. Several other lunar eclipses occurred between 9 BCE and 14 CE, which makes dates based on the lunar eclipse theory uncertain. The new city was laid out on a Roman grid plan, which was both efficient and aesthetically rewarding. She evidently took shelter with her children somewhere in the kingdom,[60] and possibly fled to Cilicia or Coele-Syria,[61] probably the city of Ptolemais, which she held until her death. License. Burgess suggested that Cleopatra Selene minted coinage in the names of both Antiochus XIII and his brother. A great library, modelled after the Library of Alexandria, was established in Caesarea as a testament to the new dynasty’s focus on cultural achievement. 26 Apr 2021. After the Donations of Alexandria, the conflicts between Octavian and Antony escalated until Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war with Egypt in 32 BCE. [64] Many of those coins have been found,[note 8][68] and they depict Antiochus XIII in the background and herself in the foreground, in the style of a queen regnant,[69] where Cleopatra Selene's name is written before that of the king's. Cleopatra Selene was paraded through the streets of Rome as a captive. It is assumed that he too died at a young age, leaving Cleopatra Selene II as the only living descendant of Cleopatra VII. Antony likely gave them their surnames of Helios and Selene at this meeting. With defeat imminent, Cleopatra made overtures with Octavian to negotiate for her life and the lives of her children. [89] The Seleucid diadem was considered a symbol of legitimacy even after the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, and many eastern kings, such as the Parthian monarch Mithridates II, used Seleucid royal iconography to gain the local nobility's support in their domains. [47] It is unlikely that this marriage was received well by Antiochus VIII's sons. Discover (and save!) Coin of Juba II (r. 29 BCE - 23 CE) and Cleopatra Selene II (c. 40 BCE - 5 BCE). [109] Berenice III was mentioned as a mother of Ptolemy XI in a Demotic text, but the Egyptian word used to denote a "son" can also mean a step son, which is the meaning preferred by most scholars for the word in the text mentioning Berenice III as a mother of Ptolemy XI. These Mediterranean influences were especially apparent in the two major cities, Caesarea and Volubilis. Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt, Cleopatra Selene was favoured by her mother and became a pawn in Cleopatra III's political manoeuvres. (Krinegoras, Greek Anthology 7.633, transl. The structure bears many architectural similarities to the Mausoleum of Augustus. Augustus relented in his treatment of them after the triumph, having taken the opportunity to show them off as prisoners of war. Juba II married Glaphyra of Cappadocia sometime before 6 CE, by which time Cleopatra Selene II had most likely died. Coins portraying Cleopatra Selene II, and others portraying both her and Juba II, have been found in a coin hoard dating to 17 CE. [48], In 218 SE (95/94 BC), Antiochus X, the son of Antiochus IX, proclaimed himself king in Arados,[48] and married Cleopatra Selene. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Gaius Octavian/Cleopatra Selene; Marc Antony/Cleopatra (mentioned) Gaius Octavian (Rome) Cleopatra Selene - Character; Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa; Maecenas; Livia Drusilla; Octavia of the Octavii; Antonia Major; Antonia Minor; Juba II of Mauretania; Very wide departure from history; Ancient Rome; Augustus - … [42] In 96 BC, Herakleon of Beroia, a general of Antiochus VIII, assassinated his monarch and tried to usurp the throne, but failed and retreated to his home-town Beroia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. King, Arienne. World History Encyclopedia. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt, Cleopatra Selene was favoured by her mother and became a pawn in Cleopatra III's political manoeuvres. Some coins from her reign feature Egyptian iconography such as crocodiles, sistrums, and the rearing cobra (uraeus) which symbolized Egyptian kingship. They re-established Iol as their new capital, renaming it Caesarea in honour of Augustus. [10] In 107 BC, the relationship between Ptolemy IX and his mother deteriorated;[32] Cleopatra III forced him out of Egypt, and he left his wife and children behind. Once they arrived in Mauretania they were free to make their own decisions, accountable to no one, except possibly Augustus. Appian wrote an anecdote concerning the epithet of Antiochus X, "Eusebes" ("the pious"): the Syrians gave it to him to mock his show of loyalty to his father by bedding his widow. Though more obscure than her famous mother, Cleopatra VII (69-30 BCE), Cleopatra Selene II was a capable and respected ruler in her own right. Some historians have put forth alternate interpretations, including the possibility that Cleopatra Selene II and Juba II were divorced sometime before his marriage to Glaphyra, or that Juba II ignored Roman tradition and engaged in polygamy as his Numidian predecessors had. [27] Shortly after his elevation,[28] Cleopatra III forced Ptolemy IX to divorce Cleopatra IV,[29] his sister whom he had married before their father's death;[30] the 2nd-century historian Justin implied that Cleopatra III made this a condition of accepting him as co-ruler. Cleopatra Selene II gave birth to a son, Ptolemy of Mauretania, around 10 BCE. [24], Sibling marriage was known in ancient Egypt and, although it was not a general practice, it was acceptable for the Egyptians;[25] the Ptolemies practised it, perhaps to consolidate the dynasty. [88], Cleopatra Selene's long career, as the wife of three successive Syrian monarchs, and the mother of one and a ruler in her own right, in addition to her divine status, turned her into a symbol of Seleucid continuity. [71] Based on her jugate coins which depict her alongside Antiochus XIII, Hoover suggested that Selene operated from Damascus;[65] those coins used a broken-bar Alpha, cursive Epsilon and squared Sigma. [33], The same year, 107 BC, Cleopatra Selene was probably married off to the new king, her younger brother, Ptolemy X. Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; late 40 BC – ca. The numismatist Arthur Houghton suggested the year 97 BC for Antiochus VIII's assassination because the coins of his son, The age of Selene raised questions amongst modern historians; it is known that the queen bore two children for Antiochus X, and. Under the auspices of the Roman Empire, which now spanned the Mediterranean, the Kingdom of Mauretania was relatively prosperous. [70] Her children probably remained in Cilicia or somewhere else in Asia Minor for protection, which would explain Antiochus XIII's nickname, "Asiaticus".[69]. [83], The regency of Cleopatra Selene probably ended in 75 BC as the journey of Antiochus XIII to Rome indicates that he had already reached his majority or was close to it. [17] When she declared her son king, Cleopatra Selene controlled lands in Cilicia or Phoenicia or both. Rome was too preoccupied to pay much attention to the region, so Augustus turned it over to Juba II and Cleopatra Selene II as a dowry. This conflict, known as the Final War of the Roman Republic, ended with the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 30 BCE. But the people of Antioch and the governor of Damascus, exhausted by the Seleucids' civil wars, invited foreign monarchs to rule them: Tigranes II of Armenia took Antioch, while Aretas III of Nabataea took Damascus. [15] The archaeologist Nicholas L. Wright suggested that she assumed the epithet "Selene" when she became queen of Egypt and that it is a divinising epithet, indicating that Cleopatra Selene presented herself as the manifestation of the moon goddess on earth. In 1949, one of them, from the collection of. Her brother was named after the sun god Helios, whose sister was the moon goddess Selene. All of this added to the intellectual milieu of Caesarea, which was rapidly becoming a cultural hub. Cleopatra Selene II and her remaining brothers were taken by Octavian who brought them to Rome. Likewise, Philip I could not have been alive since Antiochus XIII went to Rome without having to assert his right to Syria. The Romans generally accepted Ptolemy XII as legitimate. Cleopatra Selene and Juba II ruled Mauretania for almost two decades until her death at the age of 35. [69] The archaeologist Alfred Bellinger suggested that she was in control of several coastal Syrian cities from a base in Cilicia; she certainly controlled Ptolemais and probably Seleucia Pieria. [9], Cleopatra Selene was born between 135 and 130 BC to Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. Cleopatra Selene II brought over scholars and freedmen who had served the Alexandrian royal court, including poets and physicians. Written by Arienne King, published on 06 April 2021 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The boys’ sister, Cleopatra Selene, was to be ruler of Cyrene. Within a year of his marriage to Cleopatra Selene, Antiochus IX marched against his nephew but was defeated and killed. Since "Philometor" appears on Kritt's coin, which is the same epithet borne by Antiochus XIII under the regency of his mother, then it is almost certain that Kritt's coin also belonged to Antiochus XIII. [26] In 116 BC, Ptolemy VIII died and his will left Cleopatra III to rule alongside a co-ruler of her choice from between her two sons; she wanted to choose Ptolemy X but the people of Alexandria (the capital of Egypt) opposed this, forcing her to accept Ptolemy IX's ascension to the throne. The pair were dragged behind an effigy of their mother committing suicide by clutching an asp to her breast. [4] To ease the tension, the two dynasties intermarried. [78] They returned to Syria in 240 SE (73/72 BC);[79] the brothers claimed the throne of Egypt based on their mother's birthright. When the Romans ended the Seleucid dynasty in 64 BC, they attempted to simply replace the Syrian monarchs as an imperial authority, but the political reality of Rome as a republic meant that its legitimacy in the East was questioned. In 115 BC, Cleopatra III forced her son Ptolemy IX to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, and chose Cleopatra Selene as the new queen consort of Egypt. "Cleopatra Selene II." (Eusebius, Chronicle 2.140, transl. The city was in decline when Cleopatra Selene II and Juba II arrived, and they set to work lavishly rebuilding it. Cleopatra Selene and Juba II were each offspring of rulers who ended up on the losing side. Cleopatra Selene II and her brother were raised by their mother in Alexandria with their half-brother Caesarion (47-30 BCE), the illegitimate son of Julius Caesar. [84] Tigranes II, whose invasion probably took place during Antiochus XIII's absence,[79] never controlled the entire country and took Damascus only in 72 BC. Obverse: Diademed Juba II with the legend "Rex Iuba" (Latin, "King Juba"). The exact circumstances of Cleopatra Selene II’s death are unknown, but it is likely that she died of natural causes. Before her death, Cleopatra VII made arrangements to send Caesarion to India, and her remaining children, including Cleopatra Selene II, were sent further into Egypt, where they would be out of the reach of Octavian. [34] In 103 BC, Ptolemy IX was fighting in Judea. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [79] In 69 BC, Tigranes II besieged Ptolemais; the city fell according to Josephus, but Tigranes II had to move north fast as the Romans started attacking Armenia. Cleopatra Selene II’s older brother Caesarion was nominally king of Egypt for a few days after Octavian captured Alexandria but was executed by Roman soldiers while attempting to flee the country. [7] Those intermarriages helped Egypt destabilize Syria which was especially fragmented between different claimants to the throne;[8] brothers fought between themselves and Egypt interfered by supporting one claimant against the other. With a huge pomp of triumphs, Augustus entered Rome, and led before his chariot the children of Cleopatra, the Sun and the Moon. Seleucus Kybiosaktes: the second son of Cleopatra Selene, who was unnamed by Cicero and does not appear in other ancient sources, This page was last edited on 10 April 2021, at 14:17. She appears on coins as 'Kleopatra basilissa' (Greek for 'Queen Cleopatra'), echoing the titles used by her mother and forebearers. Cleopatra Selene II was the daughter of Mark Antony, Roman Triumvir, and the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra VII. 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